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When the call is heard: marginal persons of Moldova in the past and the present

Today we can observe once again a new round of political crisis in Moldova, the deep public disorder of this republic. Disorder of the building of Parliament and Presidency of the Republic of Moldova, their arson, plunder and equipment of a flag of the neighbouring state on a roof, that is the next attempt of any “colour” revolution and the related attempt of revolution by crowd of marginal persons on April 7, 2009 caused the negative reaction in the world. Nevertheless, the organizers of this violence managed to reach a main goal - to cause the governmental crisis, to press the people calling themselves as “communists” from the power and to bring to the helm of the power the parties demonstrating “liberal”, but the business being the successors of the People’s front of a sample of the beginning of the 90th years of the XX century on spirit and the program which already gave Moldova on a side of civil war.


One year later speaking at meeting before the participants of disorder in the centre of Kishinev, the acting president of Moldova M. Ghimpu and his adherents called the crowd of marginal persons as “heroes” and saviours of “democracy” and “freedom” in Moldova from awful “totalitarian and communistic regime”. The world once again saw how the marginal crowds of thugs operated by any secret political forces, very easily go on actions of this sort, bring certain people to power and right completely disappear.


As it was, for example, in Kyrgyzstan in the time of “tulip revolution” on Akayev's overthrow and then repeated in details in five years when the crowd overthrew already his successor Bakiyev, who in due time overthrew the predecessor by the same methods as he was put today away. Such happened both in Georgia and in Ukraine and in other states of the former USSR and countries of Eastern Europe. The important role in aggravation of crises of this sort is played by the progressing growth of radical right extremism which, being in a certain degree by generation of the developed system and reaction to it, as paradoxical image serves its preservation and even strengthening, generating chaos and destabilizing a situation in that degree which provokes the activization of the repressive device and consolidation of available structures of the power.

Among the reasons of catastrophic growth of the intensity caused by distribution of extremism, not the last place belongs to certain layers of social psychology which, unfortunately, are rather seldom studied by the analysts, - historians, ethnologists, conflictologists, sociologists, political scientists. And meanwhile, that in our past and in our present (unfortunately probably and in the future) we are often convinced of that really to the devil force which releases the conflict between the ideals and interests in consciousness of the certain social groups called by the marginal.

The mechanism of genesis of this conflict is insufficiently clear and studied a little. The psychological and social paradox is that the leaders of the right forces, whether it be counterrevolutionary formations of the Black-Hundreders at the beginning of the XX century or the front organizations of the end of the century, antinational inherently, were possible to attract the quite impressive quantitatively masses of the people for the solution of the tasks, the interests of whom objectively dispersed from the called tasks irreconcilably. And hardly the successes of the leaders of the right extremist organizations are explained by only elementary demagogy, lie or personal “talents” of leaders of crowd as these subjects, as a rule, if are normal mentally, usually have very mediocre abilities in the intellectual relation or are much lower than averages and in moral area - not above level of the pithecanthropus.


The housing problem and drafts of its decision in the late eighties of the XX century could serve as classical example which was discussed not only in Moldova, but also in many other republics of the USSR, - Baltic, Transcaucasian, Central Asian. Then the central authorities made rather adventurous and populist decision to provide each family in the country with the certain apartment by the end of the XX century. Competent, quiet, business discussion by experts of housing problem, deep study of all possible options of removal of tension in this sphere had no resonance and didn't draw the attention of wide circles of the meeting public.


But the hysterical appeals immediately to clear the republic of those whom called as “foreigners” earlier and now began to call as “newcomers”, “migrants”, “invaders”, “manipulated person”, etc., caused the instant reaction of numerous crowds of the raised subjects to whom their leaders, mainly, poets and poetesses, the representatives of so-called “creative intellectuals”, promised to provide shortly not simply with certain apartments, but still even with furniture.

The frenzied enthusiasm and rage of crowds were warmed up by slogans like “Suitcase! Station! Russia!”, or “Russians - for Dniestr, Jews - to Dnestr!”, or “The good Gagauz man is the dead Gagauz man!”, or “Let's drown Russians in the Jewish blood!”. They were already ready to immediate exile of all of “enemies of the nation” to start the fastest solution of a housing problem - to divide the released housing between “kind owners of this earth”. There were cases in Chechnya, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and many other republics when the front leaders warned “own” that they didn't take in head even to buy for nothing the housing of “invaders” running in a panic as will soon they receive it free of charge (in most “hot spots” it occurred, it isn't known whether there were similar facts in Moldova).


Simplicity of such decisions quite corresponds to intellectual level of Bulgakov’s Sharikov who, having read the correspondence of Engels and Kautsky, scornfully noticed that “both of them aren't right” – it is necessary to take simply everything and to divide equally. This similarity of the modern marginal persons with the literary hero of “Heart of a Dog” isn't so casual because it is possible to carry Sharikov to the beings of a certain social and psychological system of marginal type. After all the harmless and lovely dog Sharik got all external signs of the person by the efforts of the professor Preobrazhensky. However the disappearance of a dog didn't mean the birth of the person. The being created as a result of laboratory experiment, having lost one essence, an animal, didn't gain the new quality – the human. Therefore it was extremely dangerous to society owing to the transitional type what the marginal persons are by definition.

The immediate solution of all problems of life they combine with extremely primitive understanding, total absence of civilized consciousness and the morals, any idea of culture. During the periods of revolutionary crises in the society, the forces become more active, ready to respond to radical appeals of rabble-rousing property; moreover, the forces pushing the leaders to boundless extremism. Once having become at the head of crowd, its leaders are compelled publicly and to excite the radicalism hourly, constantly to be ahead and that not only to correspond to growing appetites of the following, but also constantly to advance these moods differently the following by them force will put forward the new leader, will forget, and even will crush the person who lost vigilance.

Let's pay attention to words about those who is crushed by a city civilization. It is represented that exactly a problem essence disappears in them. As those who is finished by a city civilization “up to one situation worse than an animal”, from our point of view, give many reasons for reflections about sources of the right extremism in the lumpen and marginal layers of the modern society. But such analysis would be to be begun not with our time, but since the period when capitalism gained the power and when capitalization of public life generated certain processes in the centre of urban population and in minds of their many representatives.


Really, both in last times, and in the modern world the wide urbanization, characteristic for capitalist, industrial or post-industrial society, assumes the strengthening of processes of “not to be a peasant”, migration of peasants, inhabitants of villages to the cities. Deprived voluntary or owing to need of the habitual patriarchal rural environment with its special way of life, based on strict observance of various regulating postulates, traditions and customs, the “not to be the peasant” layers, i.e. the citizens “in the first generation” are involved in a circulation of city life which is based on other beginnings, leaving few places to traditions and customs of ancestors.


They are compelled to break off with that rural way of life which was for them natural and habitual for them. And, as there are no favourable conditions for such way in the city, these people gain lines, characteristic for marginal subjects, i.e. the special consciousness and behaviour of persons owing to certain circumstances pulled out of native elements and incapable to be integrated into big reference community (in this case - a city civilization) in relation to which they act as the marginal persons. The city way of life, as a rule, is perceived by new marginal persons as the hostile world guilty of their daily burdens and disorder, guilty of disorder of the rural life and moral foundations which has settled by eyelids, in the disorder of harmony as one Russian writer was expressed.


There is nothing surprising that the psychology of these people spontaneously rises against a set of the phenomena accompanying a city civilization and against an urban way of life first of all, with its discrepancy and rates, general estrangement and indifference, freedom of choice on various standards of living and a life, with its alternativeness. The psychology of marginal persons doesn't accept the deleting of national and religious distinctions between the persons inherent in the cities.

The oblivion of native adverbs and patriarchal customs of the citizens is perceived by consciousness of marginal persons as accident, as destruction of all universe, all stable system of values on which the world keeps, without saying about international marriages of urban population and its toleration and in general about quite indifferent relation to everything that is sacred for the deep provincial who has got in urban area in accordance with the circumstances. If to say, the rural Moldavian has a trembling relation to a native well - a crucifixion is often put over a well or a spring in villages, so the city Moldavian never will suspect to hang an icon or a crucifixion over a water tap in the apartment. And in general he remembers the crane only when switch off the hot or cold water.


There are essential distinctions and the incomparable stereotypes both on household and on class and at all other levels in behaviour, in a way of life, in outlook of urban population distinguishing his mentality from the rural one. Objective processes of a class formation in industrial and urban society put in the forefront not the birthplace, a nationality or language, religion of the person, his compatriot attachments and local patriotism of the village or a village fence, but first of all, a place of the person in a social production. Formation of class consciousness can't but be perceived by the freshly criticized layers from the village as a full depersonalization and demoralization.


In their consciousness or subconsciousness it creates the extremely painful movements and, finally, leads to the sharp psychological drama of the marginal segments of the population tortured by a city civilization. The drama is in the need of radical withdrawal pains for consciousness and in practice of all stereotypes, representations and regulations of a rural way of life, familiarizing with a city way of life, city culture and subculture that not always possible in the first generation.

This drama does the marginal layers pliable to radical, extremist ideology. The deaf, badly realized discontent with burdens of life, readiness cruelly and ruthlessly to destroy “enemies” (whom they present very vaguely and not clearly), the burning impatience and thirst somewhat quicker to revenge somebody for hard existence define the activity of marginal persons, responsiveness of their crowds on appeals of the leaders creating a clear image of the enemy of guilty of all last and present misfortunes of the nation. The mythologization of mass consciousness of these layers facilitates the establishment in its depths of a steady image of the enemy as which other people usually act, other state or even other language, sometimes other belief. Even more often various bugbears of the propaganda sense act in an image of the enemy, who don’t have the attributed characteristics and values in reality.

As the mythologized public consciousness of marginal persons keeps the settled rural stereotypes of a certain patriarchal outlook for eyelids and an outlook corresponding to it, these layers easily respond on slogans of immediate closing of all enterprises of the large industry (as it was in Kishinev with plant of the personal computers which construction didn't finish according to “the public requirement”), the marginal persons show hostility to working class, scientists and other representatives of the intellectuals. They dipped into petty-bourgeois elements of the destructive anarchist revolt directed against a public order, norms of culture and morals with desperate triumph.

In general the revolt of semi-civilized right extremist mass is directed almost always on the educated (that modern marginal persons formally can belong also to the intellectuals “in the first generation” changes nothing in principle - hatred to true culture and natural intelligence by which they are deprived by definition, only amplifies). The reasons of it are easily explainable.


Hostility of the yesterday's villager, the peasant who has got to the city, hostility to unclear tastes, interests and preferences of intelligent circles, their way of life and ethical principles is defined first of all by a huge gap between two levels of culture which almost had no common ground. One level is the refined intellectual culture of educated city layers with all their spiritual searches, proximity to values of world culture, universal problems. Other level is, according to classics, “idiocy of rural life”.

It is based on eternal malnutrition, alcoholism, lawlessness, flogging “culture” including various superstitions, amazing lack of information in elementary questions of social and personal being, stubborn commitment to the whole complex senseless, but the esteemed ceremonies imposed by seniors to younger. Both of these levels are incomparable in principle, but, facing and clashing in real life continually, they cut hostility and misunderstanding sparks especially as right radical theorists purposefully and methodically set marginal persons on the intellectuals, accusing “worthless educated society” of all troubles.

And still the most the strong and “trouble-free” lever of mobilization of these forces was and is an appeal of their leaders to “national revival”, compatriot patriotism and a call of the blood and in essence to nepotism and so forth. The rage and hatred excitement to the representatives of other nations and the people was and remains the most effective remedy of mobilization of marginal persons to active political actions. At the beginning of the XX century, the Jews, Poles, Armenians, the people who are practising Islam and other “foreigners” (and in fact not foreigners, but adherent of a different faith) were appointed as the main enemies of marginal persons of Bessarabia; at the end of the XX century, the Russians, Gagauz people, Ukrainians and other “migrants”, “newcomers” were appointed. Fight against “foreigners” always was a priority problem of right extremist revolt.


Really, neither before, nor now, the mobilization of marginal persons wasn't carried out in itself, spontaneously. It passed centrally, so to say, in a planned order by the public authorities or their competitors from the oppositions environment, ready to occupy the offices of government officials, for the sake of certain political goals at the heart of which there was the government preservation in hands of those who possessed it and who was afraid to lose it or those who in a distemper decided to get it. In the late 80s – the beginning of the 90th of the XX century, in Moldova there was even the peculiar alliance consisting of the national and bureaucratic nomenclature, city and suburban marginal layers and also the criminals let out from prisons under a condition to prove on a field of “national revival” and, at last, the elite circles of nationalist pro-Romanian layers of the creative intellectuals which were carrying out the intermediary and organizing functions between the highest bureaucracy and a marginal bottom.


This alliance helped to strengthen the rigid totalitarian form of government loosened in the first years of reorganization, helped to install system of the bureaucratic power of national elite in Moldova, to rally and consolidate the office machine round the national idea. Inflating the militaristic psychosis in the country, it directed discontent of marginal bottoms on “enemies” specified by it removing the own clan system from under blow, turning from pseudo-communistic into the national and exclusive. We can tell definitely that the tasks set for this terrible coalition by its founders and architects, were successfully executed.

The high-ranking and bureaucratic regime in Moldova not only wasn't destroyed under the pressure of democracy of the first years of an era of publicity, but strengthened and preserved as even more cruel, ruthless and anti-humane ethno-totalitarian regime of the comprador bourgeoisie and selling national officials, but soldered by common interests.

Features of the Kishinev of the outrages of the end of the XX century are that neither riots, nor murders, beatings of citizens didn't stir up the Soviet Union –supposedly saw not such. In Moldova any indicative or at least closed courts didn't take place, nobody was punished for the crimes even in the form of father’s muttering of the high administration. On the contrary, the society constantly heard from lips of this administration the aggressive calls “to make Lebanon” from Moldova and “to make Beirut” from Kishinev, to punish “impudent strangers”. Snegur, Druk, Kostash, Moshan, Khadyrka, Lari, Viyera, Dabizha and other leaders of marginal crowds constantly called them for campaigns on Komrat, on Dubossary, to Bendery and Tiraspol to give to murders and outrages the mass character to strike the world with scale of the crimes.

As a result, the results are others – the system of a bureaucratic absolutism is rescued with some insignificant subsequent modernizations; all national nomenclature of communistic times still amicably sits in the already “democratic” chairs, continuing to direct the plundered, scolded, torn apart by Moldova with huge profit for itself.

What should we say about the educated Moldavian society of the end of the XX century? What to tell about the writers and the poets of Moldova who were openly calling the marginal persons for riots, violence and murders of “enemies” designated by them? What to tell about the intellectuals bringing to the squares the children in order to bring them by the senseless, absurd and criminal slogans to frenzied ecstasy and stupid hatred to own fellow citizens of other culture or language?

It is obvious that the spiritual becoming wild, brutality, moral emptiness and immoral meanness of these misters are closely connected with interruption of a genetic linkage and spirituality between various generations of the Bessarabia intellectuals and present representatives of this social group. But the matter is not only in it. After all, finally, the roots of these processes eat juice of the same marginalization connected with processes of the urbanization, inability of marginal persons to positive existence in socially acceptable framework, their attempts to impose the primitive anti-culture, the brutal anti-values to society.

In this respect we still have few reasons for optimism. As always and everywhere, where the the individual with more or less low level of spiritual development should face the urban civilization living in misery, so his spiritual lameness became and will become the emotional engine of right extremist evolution. Because he restrained and crushed by the city, still will spontaneously rise against the urbanization that without realizing it at all.

Disorder of governmental buildings in Kishinev on April 7, 2007 was the advance prepared and planned provocation which is called as any next option of “colour revolution” in the last decades. Everything was made according to the classical scenario. Group of the marginal and selling politicians, absolutely insignificant and powerless without solid support from the outside, raging crowd of the street hooligans, got drunk not so much from beer and other free of charge given strong drinks, as from opportunity with impunity to behave violently and plunder, trucks with stones, prepared by someone in advance and appeared “casually” in due time and in the right place, arrival from abroad the groups of “experts” on imitation of national anger, confusion of police officers and the authorities... And this and many other things unmistakably indicate carefully thought over scenario and its planned development on the revolution organization in Moldova. In any case, the thugs acted with impunity and impudently, showing to the whole world what the country tries to break in the family of “civilized” people of Europe.

Probably, it is natural that after disorder on April 7, having support of the majority of inhabitants of the country, the ruling party in Moldova delegated the power to the hands of a small group of the petty powerless politicians relying on marginal persons and financial and political support from the outside! It something reminds Gorbachev perestroika, - indecision, cowardice, hypertrophied narcissism of chief “foreman” of perestroika, its rate on political intrigues and party and behind-the-scenes fuss, its fluctuations and inability to manifestation of strong will to achievement of the clear aims (perhaps everything will resolve) led the Soviet Union to death and to civil war in once safe and prospering its regions. Only in one 1992 year, subsequent at once to belovezhsky arrangement, about 150 thousand Soviet people were lost in the internal conflicts and wars that exceeded all losses of the USSR in 10 years of war in Afghanistan in 11 times. Such price was paid by the people of once united country for political incompetence and short-sightedness of the new marginal leaders!

Did Moldova become more free and democratic country? Probably, yes. But only in one sense. In the sense of more free and even more “democratic” rolling to the second edition of civil war. People who already governed here in 1991 - 1992 returned to the power, relying on support of not the people, but marginal persons, light on the feet. Then they led the country to the armed opposition and filled it with the blood of own citizens. They laid down on a bottom after the loud failure and deafening defeat. And their marginal support hid, expecting when it will be called again. And here, the call was heard.

Most likely, the present governors of Moldova are inspired by experience of their predecessors - Snegur, Kostash, Plugar and other organizers and inspirers of aggression of Moldova on Dniestr of 1990-1992. Nobody called them for the answer, nobody accused of a drop of the blood of the compatriots spilled by them. Such can't but simply inspire!

So there are many freedom and democracies in Moldova now. In which it, it isn't excluded, will plunge shortly as Atlantis. Situation in Moldova can't change somehow by itself. On the contrary, the more free the marginal persons feel themselves, the more terrible crimes they can do. And the society has no other way, except how to limit their aggressive and destructive energy of uncontrolled revolt by the law force, power of common sense and a moral superiority. (It is pгидшырув in reduction).

Nikolay Babilunga, Tiraspol, Institute of History, State and Law of T.G. Shevchenko Trans-Dniester State University

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Author: Nikolay Babilunga, professor

Publication date : 20 November 2012 01:00

Source: The world and we

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